Коррупция и классовые неравенства электорального участия в европейских странах
Научная статья
Для цитирования
Сафронов В. В. Коррупция и классовые неравенства электорального участия в европейских странах // Власть и элиты. 2023. Том 10. № 1. С. 5-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31119/pe.2023.10.1.1 EDN: VFIYXP
Аннотация
Рассматривается проблема неравенств электорального участия в странах Западной, Центральной и Восточной Европы. Согласно исследованиям, избиратели из верхних и средних классов проявляют заметно большую активность на парламентских выборах, чем представители рабочего класса. Однако остается неясным, почему такие неравенства оказываются более отчетливыми в одних странах и менее — в других. Для прояснения этого вопроса анализировались данные репрезентативных опросов, проведенных по проекту Европейского социального исследования (ESS 2018, для России — 2016 г.) в 28 странах, а также сведения о том, как работает в них демократия. Двухуровневое моделирование позволило подтвердить, что во всех европейских государствах участие в парламентских выборах стратифицировано по классовому признаку — оно заметно снижается при переходе от верхних и средних к рабочим классам. Такие неравенства были существенно больше в одних из стран и меньше — в других. Особенно отчетливыми они оказались на Западе Европы — в государствах, отличающихся работающими демократическими институтами и низкой коррупцией. По мере снижения качества демократического правления и распространения коррупционных практик, что было характерным для ряда посткоммунистических стран, особенно для России, наблюдается общее снижение явки и сокращение классовых неравенств, вызванное нежеланием избирателей из верхних и средних классов, наиболее активных в западных демократиях, принимать участие в голосовании.
Ключевые слова:
электоральные неравенства, классовое структурирование, общественный контекст, коррупция, страны Западной, Центральной и Восточной Европы
Литература
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20. Karahan G.R., Coats R.M., Shughart II W.F. And the Beat Goes On: Further Evidence on Voting on the Form of County Governance in the Midst of Public Corruption // Kyklos. 2009. Vol. 62, no. 1. P. 65–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.2009.00423.x.
21. Kostadinova T. Abstain or Rebel: Corruption Perceptions and Voting in East European Elections // Politics & Policy. 2009. Vol. 37, no. 4. P. 691-714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2009.00194.x.
22. Kostadinova T., Kmetty Z. Corruption and Political Participation in Hungary: Testing Models of Civic Engagement // East European Politics and Societies and Cultures. 2018. Vol. 33, no. 3. P. 555-578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325418800556.
23. Kostelka F. The State of Political Participation in Post-Communist Democracies: Low but Surprisingly Little Biased Citizen Engagement // Europe-Asia Studies. 2014. Vol. 66, no. 6. P. 945–968. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2014.905386.
24. Kynev A. How the Electoral Policy of the Russian State Predetermined the Results of the 2016 State Duma Elections // Russian Politics. 2017. Vol. 2. P. 206–226. https://doi.org/10.1163/2451-8921-00202002.
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26. Oesch D. Coming to Grips with a Changing Class Structure. An Analysis of Employment Stratification in Britain, Germany, Sweden and Switzerland // International Sociology. 2006. Vol. 21, no. 2. P. 263–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/02685809060613.
27. Oesch D. Redrawing the Class Map. Stratification and Institutions in Britain, Germany, Sweden and Switzerland. Chippenham and Eastbourne: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 271 p.
28. Olsson S.A. Corruption and Political Participation: A Multilevel Analysis // QoG Working Paper Series. 2014. No. 12.
29. Pancurakova I. The Effect of Perceived Corruption on Voter Turnout in Post-Communist Countries in the European Union: Evidence from the Life in Transition Survey III. CUNY Academic Works, 2019. URL: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/hc_sas_etds/516 (дата обращения: 06.07.2023).
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32. Schäfer A., Schwander H. “Don’t Play if You Can’t Win”: Does Economic Inequality Undermine Political Equality? // European Political Science Review. 2019. Vol. 11, no. 3. P. 395–413. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755773919000201.
33. Schlozman K.L., Brady H.E., Verba S. Unequal and Unrepresented: Political Inequality and the People’s Voice in the New Gilded Age. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018. 352 p.
34. Schlozman K.L., Verba S., Brady H.E. The Unheavenly Chorus: Unequal Political Voice and the Broken Promise of American Democracy. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2012. 728 p.
35. Smets K., van Ham C. The Embarrassment of Riches? A Meta-Analysis of Individual-Level Research on Voter Turnout // Electoral Studies. 2013. Vol. 32, no. 2. P. 344–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2012.12.006.
36. Solt F. Economic Inequality and Democratic Political Engagement // American Journal of Political Science. 2008. Vol. 52, no. 1. P. 48–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00298.x.
37. Stockemer D. Corruption and Turnout in Presidential Elections: A Macro-level Quantitative Analysis // Politics and Policy. 2013. Vol. 41, no. 2. P. 191-214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/polp.12012.
38. Stockemer D. What Affects Voter Turnout? A Review Article/Meta-Analysis of Aggregate Research // Government and Opposition. 2017. Vol. 52, no. 4. P. 698–722. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2016.30.
39. Stockemer D., Calca P. Corruption and Turnout in Portugal—a Municipal Level Study // Crime, Law and Social Change. 2013. Vol. 60, no. 5. P. 535–548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10611-013-9481-7.
40. Stockemer D., LaMontagne B., Scruggs L. Bribes and ballots: The impact of corruption on voter turnout in democracies // International Political Science Review. 2013. Vol. 34, no. 1. P. 74–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192512111419824.
41. Sundström A., Stockemer D. Regional variation in voter turnout in Europe: The impact of corruption perceptions // Electoral Studies. 2015. Vol. 40. P. 158-169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2015.08.006.
42. Školník M. Corruption and Political Participation: A Review // Sociální studia. 2020. No. 1. P. 89–105. https://doi.org/10.5817/SOC2020-1-89.
43. Tambe E.B., Monyake M. The Impact of Corruption and Clientelism on Voter Turnout in Africa // Crime, Law and Social Change. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-023-10092-z.
44. Teorell J., Dahlberg S., Holmberg S., Rothstein B., Pachon N.A., Axelsson S. The Quality of Government Standard Dataset, version Jan20. University of Gothenburg: The Quality of Government Institute, 2020. https://doi.org/10. 18157/qogstdjan20.
45. Toklo S. The Effects of Corruption Perception on Political Participation: Evidence from Africa // Вестник Пермского университета. Политология. 2022. Т. 16, № 2. P. 109–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2218-1067-2022-2-109-122.
46. Verba S., Schlozman K. L., Brady H. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995. 664 p.
47. Warren M.E. What Does Corruption Mean in a Democracy? // American Journal of Political Science. 2004. Vol. 48, no. 2. P. 328–343. https://doi.org/10.2307/1519886.
48. Wass H., Blais A. Turnout // The SAGE Handbook of Electoral Behaviour. Vol. 1 / ed. by K. Arzheimer, J. Evans, M.S. Lewis-Beck. London: Sage, 2017. P. 459–487.
2. Agerberg M. The Curse of Knowledge? Education, Corruption, and Politics // Political Behavior. 2019. Vol. 41, no. 2. P. 369–399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-018-9455-7.
3. Blais A., Daoust J.-F. The Motivation to Vote: Explaining Electoral Participation. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2020. 156 p.
4. Bonifácio R., Paulino R. Corruption and Political Participation in the Americas and the Caribbean // Brazilian Political Science Review. 2015. Vol. 9, no. 2. P. 54–80. http://doi.org/10.1590/1981-38212014000200011.
5. Cancela J., Geys B. Explaining Voter Turnout: A Meta-Analysis of National and Subnational Elections // Electoral Studies. 2016. Vol. 42. P. 264–275. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2016.03.005.
6. Carreras M., Vera S. Do Corrupt Politicians Mobilize or Demobilize Voters? A Vignette Experiment in Colombia // Latin American Politics and Society. 2018. Vol. 60, no. 3. P. 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lap.2018.25.
7. Chong A., De La O A.L., Karlan D., Wantchekon L. Does Corruption Information Inspire the Fight or Quash the Hope? A Field Experiment in Mexico on Voter Turnout, Choice, and Party Identification // The Journal of Politics. 2015. Vol. 77, no. 1. P. 55–71. https://doi.org/10.1086/678766.
8. Dahlberg S., Solevid M. Does corruption suppress voter turnout? // Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties. 2016. Vol. 26, no. 4. P. 489–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17457289.2016.1223677
9. Dalton R.J. The Participation Gap: Social Status and Political Inequality. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017. 280 p. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733607.001.0001.
10. Dalton R. Political Inequality and the Democratic Process // The Oxford Handbook of Political Participation / Ed. by M. Giugni, M. Grasso. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022. P. 912–929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198861126.013.51.
11. Escaleras M., Calcagno P.T., Shughart II W.F. Corruption and Voter Participation: Evidence from the US States // Public Finance Review. 2012. Vol. 40, no. 6. P. 789–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091142112446846.
12. Evans G., Hepplewhite M. Class and Educational Inequality in Electoral Participation // The Oxford Handbook of Political Participation / ed. by M. Giugni, M. Grasso. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022. P. 578–597. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198861126.013.34.
13. Feitosa F. Theoretically, yes, but also empirically? How the corruption-turnout link is marginally explained by civic duty to vote // Electoral Studies. 2020. Vol. 66, Article 102162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102162.
14. Frank R.W., Martínez i Coma F. Correlates of Voter Turnout // Political Behavior. 2023. Vol. 45, no. 2. P. 607–633. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-021-09720-y.
15. Geys B. Explaining Voter Turnout: A Review of Aggregate-Level Research // Electoral Studies. 2006. Vol. 25, no. 4. P. 637–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2005.09.002.
16. Giommoni T. Exposure to corruption and political participation: Evidence from Italian municipalities // European Journal of Political Economy. 2021. Vol. 68. Article № 102000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2021.102000.
17. Haveric S., Ronchi S., Cabeza L. Closer to the State, Closer to the Polls? The Different Impact of Corruption on Turnout among Public Employees and Other Citizens // International Political Science Review. 2019. Vol. 40, no. 5. P. 659 –675. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512118795174.
18. Holbrook A.L., Krosnick J.A. Social Desirability Bias in Voter Turnout Reports: Tests Using the Item Count Technique // Public Opinion Quarterly. 2010., Vol. 74, no. 1. P. 37–67. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfp065.
19. Hooghe M., Quintelier E. Political Participation in European Countries: The Effect of Authoritarian Rule, Corruption, Lack of Good Governance and Economic Downturn // Comparative European Politics. 2014. Vol. 12, no. 2. P. 209–232. https://doi.org/10.1057/cep.2013.3.
20. Karahan G.R., Coats R.M., Shughart II W.F. And the Beat Goes On: Further Evidence on Voting on the Form of County Governance in the Midst of Public Corruption // Kyklos. 2009. Vol. 62, no. 1. P. 65–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.2009.00423.x.
21. Kostadinova T. Abstain or Rebel: Corruption Perceptions and Voting in East European Elections // Politics & Policy. 2009. Vol. 37, no. 4. P. 691-714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2009.00194.x.
22. Kostadinova T., Kmetty Z. Corruption and Political Participation in Hungary: Testing Models of Civic Engagement // East European Politics and Societies and Cultures. 2018. Vol. 33, no. 3. P. 555-578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325418800556.
23. Kostelka F. The State of Political Participation in Post-Communist Democracies: Low but Surprisingly Little Biased Citizen Engagement // Europe-Asia Studies. 2014. Vol. 66, no. 6. P. 945–968. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2014.905386.
24. Kynev A. How the Electoral Policy of the Russian State Predetermined the Results of the 2016 State Duma Elections // Russian Politics. 2017. Vol. 2. P. 206–226. https://doi.org/10.1163/2451-8921-00202002.
25. Norris P. Comparing Mass Political Participation in Democratic and Authoritarian Regimes // The Oxford Handbook of Political Participation / ed. by M. Giugni, M. Grasso. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022. P. 858–876. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198861126.013.52.
26. Oesch D. Coming to Grips with a Changing Class Structure. An Analysis of Employment Stratification in Britain, Germany, Sweden and Switzerland // International Sociology. 2006. Vol. 21, no. 2. P. 263–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/02685809060613.
27. Oesch D. Redrawing the Class Map. Stratification and Institutions in Britain, Germany, Sweden and Switzerland. Chippenham and Eastbourne: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 271 p.
28. Olsson S.A. Corruption and Political Participation: A Multilevel Analysis // QoG Working Paper Series. 2014. No. 12.
29. Pancurakova I. The Effect of Perceived Corruption on Voter Turnout in Post-Communist Countries in the European Union: Evidence from the Life in Transition Survey III. CUNY Academic Works, 2019. URL: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/hc_sas_etds/516 (дата обращения: 06.07.2023).
30. Raudenbush S.W., Bryk A.S. Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. Second Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2002. 512 p.
31. Rogov K. Russia’s 2016 Duma Elections: Ambiguous Triumph and New Challenges for the Regime // FIIA (The Finnish Institute of International Affairs) Briefing Paper. 2016. No. 205. URL: https://www.fiia.fi/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/bp205_russia_s_2016_duma_elections.pdf (дата обращения: 16.11.2022).
32. Schäfer A., Schwander H. “Don’t Play if You Can’t Win”: Does Economic Inequality Undermine Political Equality? // European Political Science Review. 2019. Vol. 11, no. 3. P. 395–413. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755773919000201.
33. Schlozman K.L., Brady H.E., Verba S. Unequal and Unrepresented: Political Inequality and the People’s Voice in the New Gilded Age. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018. 352 p.
34. Schlozman K.L., Verba S., Brady H.E. The Unheavenly Chorus: Unequal Political Voice and the Broken Promise of American Democracy. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2012. 728 p.
35. Smets K., van Ham C. The Embarrassment of Riches? A Meta-Analysis of Individual-Level Research on Voter Turnout // Electoral Studies. 2013. Vol. 32, no. 2. P. 344–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2012.12.006.
36. Solt F. Economic Inequality and Democratic Political Engagement // American Journal of Political Science. 2008. Vol. 52, no. 1. P. 48–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00298.x.
37. Stockemer D. Corruption and Turnout in Presidential Elections: A Macro-level Quantitative Analysis // Politics and Policy. 2013. Vol. 41, no. 2. P. 191-214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/polp.12012.
38. Stockemer D. What Affects Voter Turnout? A Review Article/Meta-Analysis of Aggregate Research // Government and Opposition. 2017. Vol. 52, no. 4. P. 698–722. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2016.30.
39. Stockemer D., Calca P. Corruption and Turnout in Portugal—a Municipal Level Study // Crime, Law and Social Change. 2013. Vol. 60, no. 5. P. 535–548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10611-013-9481-7.
40. Stockemer D., LaMontagne B., Scruggs L. Bribes and ballots: The impact of corruption on voter turnout in democracies // International Political Science Review. 2013. Vol. 34, no. 1. P. 74–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192512111419824.
41. Sundström A., Stockemer D. Regional variation in voter turnout in Europe: The impact of corruption perceptions // Electoral Studies. 2015. Vol. 40. P. 158-169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2015.08.006.
42. Školník M. Corruption and Political Participation: A Review // Sociální studia. 2020. No. 1. P. 89–105. https://doi.org/10.5817/SOC2020-1-89.
43. Tambe E.B., Monyake M. The Impact of Corruption and Clientelism on Voter Turnout in Africa // Crime, Law and Social Change. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-023-10092-z.
44. Teorell J., Dahlberg S., Holmberg S., Rothstein B., Pachon N.A., Axelsson S. The Quality of Government Standard Dataset, version Jan20. University of Gothenburg: The Quality of Government Institute, 2020. https://doi.org/10. 18157/qogstdjan20.
45. Toklo S. The Effects of Corruption Perception on Political Participation: Evidence from Africa // Вестник Пермского университета. Политология. 2022. Т. 16, № 2. P. 109–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2218-1067-2022-2-109-122.
46. Verba S., Schlozman K. L., Brady H. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995. 664 p.
47. Warren M.E. What Does Corruption Mean in a Democracy? // American Journal of Political Science. 2004. Vol. 48, no. 2. P. 328–343. https://doi.org/10.2307/1519886.
48. Wass H., Blais A. Turnout // The SAGE Handbook of Electoral Behaviour. Vol. 1 / ed. by K. Arzheimer, J. Evans, M.S. Lewis-Beck. London: Sage, 2017. P. 459–487.
Статья
Поступила: 10.05.2023
Опубликована: 15.08.2023
Форматы цитирования
Другие форматы цитирования:
ACM
[1]
Сафронов, В.В. 2023. Коррупция и классовые неравенства электорального участия в европейских странах. Власть и элиты. 10, 1 (сен. 2023), 5-42. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31119/pe.2023.10.1.1.
Раздел
Элиты и политика в Европе
